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People first arrived on the Australian mainland by sea from Maritime Southeast Asia between 50,000
and 65,000 years ago, and penetrated to all parts of the continent, from the rainforests in the north,
the deserts of the centre, and the sub-Antarctic islands of Tasmania and Bass Strait. The artistic,
musical and spiritual traditions they established are among the longest surviving such traditions in
human history.
The first known landing in Australia by Europeans was in 1606 by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon.
Other European explorers followed until, in 1770, Lieutenant James Cook charted the east coast of
Australia and claimed it for Great Britain. He returned to London with accounts favouring colonisation
at Botany Bay (now in Sydney).
The First Fleet of British ships arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788 to establish a penal colony,
the first colony on the Australian mainland. The first settlement, at Sydney, consisted of about 850
convicts and their Marine guards and officers, led by Governor Arthur Phillip. They arrived at Botany
Bay in the "First Fleet" of 9 transport ships accompanied by 2 small warships, in January, 1788.
In the century that followed, the British established other colonies on the continent, and European
explorers ventured into its interior. Aboriginal people were greatly weakened and their numbers
diminished by introduced diseases and conflict with the colonists during this period.
Gold rushes and agricultural industries brought prosperity. Transportation of British convicts to
Australia was phased out from 1840 to 1868. Autonomous parliamentary democracies began to be
established throughout the six British colonies from the mid-19th century. The colonies voted by
referendum to unite in a federation in 1901, and modern Australia came into being. Australia fought
as part of British Empire and later Commonwealth in the two world wars and was to become a long-
standing ally of the United States when threatened by Imperial Japan during World War Il. Trade with
Asia increased and a post-war immigration program received more than 6.5 million migrants from
every continent. Supported by immigration of people from almost every country in the world since the
end of World War Il, the population increased to more than 25.5 million by 2020, with 30 per cent of
the population born overseas.